Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G. American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Pesticides, benzene, heavy metals, solvents, suspended particulate matter. Roberto Bertollini provided overall guidance and reviewed the draft. [EPA 2003][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], The capacity of a substance to cause adverse human health effects as a result of chronic exposure. Human exposure can occur at different stages of the life-cycle of a chemical, including through occupational exposure during manufacture, use and disposal, consumer exposure, exposure to contaminated products, or environmental exposure to toxic waste (Figure (Figure1).1). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Current evidence supports that suicide rates could be significantly reduced through limiting access to lethal means, among other methods [17,18]. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. This review is also limited in its scope: Not all chemicals have been reviewed here, but only toxic exposures to chemicals which can be significantly reduced or eliminated through environmental and occupational management as described in the background section. Occupational agents associated with the development of COPD include for example mineral fumes, welding fumes, cadmium fumes and sulfur dioxide [22]. Henry SH, Bosch FX, Bowers JC. Fewtrell L, Smith S, Kay D, Bartram J. (MSH2003_2003_05_12) [NIH National Cancer Institute Thesaurus], Condition characterized by persistent coughing, increased secretion from the bronchial mucosa, obstruction of the respiratory passages, scanty or profuse expectoration, and necrosis and fibrosis of the respiratory tract. Chronic effects could include mortality, reduced growth, or reduced reproduction. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. [EPA 2003][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or levels of exposure between 5 and 90 days. Their chemical, physical and toxicological properties vary greatly - while many are not hazardous or persistent, some are life-threatening on contact and some persist in the environment, accumulate in the food chain, travel large distances from where they are released, and are harmful to human health in small amounts. [40 CFR 721.3 (CFR 2013)], Adverse effects occurring as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by dermal application for part (approximately 10 percent) of a life span. Examples include fluoride and mercury. Finally, research aiming to improve our understanding of the link between chemicals and negative health impacts is imperative in order to prioritize actions and assess their effectiveness. Most of the identified burden of disease estimates from chemicals follow CRA methods and provide data for the year 2004 [14], which was used as the reference year in this article. As this review is mostly built on previous estimates developed by WHO - given the limited availability of other estimates - the use of rigorous methods further contributes to restricting the estimates to only those supported by strong evidence and to ICD disease categories rather than including all health outcomes. Panel 1: Population attributable fraction, RR = relative risk; p = prevalence of exposure. Fewtrell LJ, Prss-Ustn A, Landrigan P, Ayuso-Mateos JL. This means that the choice of outcomes and exposure-risk relationships does not necessarily underlie specific selection criteria, and that different approaches are used in terms of counterfactual scenarios (i.e. Toxic effects from long-term exposure to chemicals; usually nonfatal to organisms. It can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL, or benchmark concentration, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. Another estimate has been performed at global level, but is not comparable [37]. The systematic literature review revealed burden of disease estimates for the following chemicals or groups of chemicals: (a) chemicals involved in unintentional acute poisonings, (b) chemicals involved in unintentional occupational poisonings, (c) pesticides involved in self-inflicted injuries, (d) asbestos, (e) occupational lung carcinogens, (f) occupational leukaemogens, (g) occupational particulates, (h) outdoor air pollutants, (i) indoor air pollutants from solid fuel combustion, (j) second-hand smoke, (k) lead, and (l) arsenic in drinking water. Manufactured chemicals include industrial and agricultural products such as pesticides, petroleum products, processed metals, and products of combustion such as toxic gases and particles from industrial emissions and burning of fuel. Generally used in EPA's noncancer health assessments. A large body of evidence supports the causation of various diseases (e.g. Used to describe recurring symptoms or disease. Viso AC, Casteleyn L, Biot P, Eilstein D. Human biomonitoring programmes and activities in the European Union. Spiewak R. Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Additional assessments of global health impacts of selected chemicals have been made but results are not comparable to the other analyses compiled here, either because they were not expressed in DALYs and deaths, or because DALYs have not been estimated in a comparable format. Between 2000 [31] and 2004, the proportion of the global population with blood lead levels above 10 ug/dl decreased from 20% to 14%, and resulted in similar reductions in the disease burden, mainly due to important efforts in phasing out leaded gasoline in most countries. An aggregate public health indicator to represent the impact of multiple environmental exposures. The .gov means its official. BoD from second hand smoke has been evaluated separately. It can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL, or benchmark dose, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. Levin ML. Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Geneva, Switzerland, 2Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark. The estimated disease burden does not show the important beneficial effects of long-term regulation of chemicals in food, consumer and other chemical products, industrial emissions and workers' protection which have already prevented a significant fraction of the disease burden that would have occurred had these controls not been in place. New strategies and initiatives have been implemented which might change the picture of chemical exposure and risk assessment and could improve estimation of disease burden caused by chemicals (e.g. This is particularly true for diseases with long lag-times from exposures, complex exposure assessment, and often non-specific health outcomes. Jaakkola JJK, Jaakkola MS. Professional cleaning and asthma. [40 CFR 798.2650 (CFR 2013)], A toxicity study designed to measure effects from subchronic exposure to a chemical. The global burden of non-malignant respiratory disease due to occupational airborne exposures. Toxicity impact that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or longer. Some dusts of biological nature, such as cotton, grain and wood dusts, are also suspected to have a role in COPD causation [22]. [NPDES Permit Writers Glossary], A continuous or intermittent long-term contact between an agent and a target. without air pollution nor arsenic-contaminated drinking-water) amounts to a global burden of disease of at least 1.2 million deaths (25 million DALYs), corresponding to 2.0% of the total deaths and 1.7% of the total burden of disease worldwide. National Toxicology Programme. [Adapted from 40 CFR 798.2650 (CFR 2013)], Waste and Cleanup Risk Assessment Glossary, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Glossary, Urban Watershed Management Research Terminology, Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Glossary, Community-Based Air Pollution Projects Glossary, Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) Glossary of Terms, Superfund for Students and Teachers Glossary, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Glossary, Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Glossary, Sediment Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) Glossary, EPA EV-Biological Substances-Humans-Human Diseases, EPA EV-Research-Research Resources-Analytical Methods & Protocols, EPA EV-Chemical Substances-Chemical Properties, EPA EV-Biological Substances-Animals-Animal Diseases. cancers, birth defects) and other health effects (e.g. Further information on human exposure to chemicals is available from a variety of documents [1-4]. Malignant mesothelioma (NA); trachea, bronchus, lung cancer (0.3%); asbestosis (NA), Occupational lung carcinogens (arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, diesel exhaust, nickel, silica), Only 8 of the chemicals or chemical mixtures classified as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans taken into account, Occupational leukaemogens (benzene, ethylene oxide, ionizing radiation), Only 2 of the chemicals or chemical mixtures classified as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans taken into account, Occupational particulates - causing COPD (dusts, fumes/gas), Occupational particulates - other respiratory diseases than COPD (silica, asbestos and coal mine dust), Asbestosis (NA); silicosis (NA); pneumoconiosis (NA), Outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, others), Lung cancer (7.9%); acute respiratory infections (1.6%); selected cardiopulmonary diseases (3.4%). The capacity of a substance to cause long-term poisonous health effects in humans, animals, fish, and other organisms. A stimulus that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or more. Commission staff working paper "Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency and amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Regulation (EC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants "1 Extended impact assessment". Schwartz J. Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: a meta-analysis and search for a threshold. Unintentional ingestion, inhalation or contact with chemicals caused 346,000 deaths (7,447,000 DALYs) from acute poisonings in 2004. This approach may provide approximate estimates when global exposure information is limited, or when quantitative exposure-risk relationships are supported by weaker evidence. The chronic toxicity of a compound is established through scientifically verifiable data from animal studies or human exposure tests. Other exposures involve chemicals only as a side-product of energy generation or of tobacco consumption, such as the main contributions to outdoor and indoor air pollution. The possible result of exposure over many years to a drinking water contaminant at levels above its Maximum Contaminant Level. Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or levels of exposure between 5 and 90 days. Aflatoxin, hepatitis and worldwide liver cancer risks. A quantitative analysis of prenatal methyl mercury exposure and cognitive development. Search terms used in Pubmed. For example, one childhood deaths of respiratory infection of an underweight child could be prevented both by removing the source of indoor air pollution, or by improved nutrition [8]. Effects often consist of reduced growth and reproduction, as well as other physiological impacts. Chemicals, whether of natural origin or produced by human activities, are part of our environment. [. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothernberg S, Needleman H, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Additional details of the methods are provided in greater detail in the original publications [8-10]. [EPA 2005b, RAIS 2004][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], Exposure to a substance spanning no more than approximately 10 percent of the lifetime of an organism. Search Results. [EPA 2005b], Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than one year). Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than 1 year) [compare with acute exposure] [The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)].
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Balmes J, Becklake M, Blanc P, Henneberger P, Kreiss K, Mapp C, Milton D, Schwartz D, Toren K, Viegi G. American Thoracic Society Statement: Occupational contribution to the burden of airway disease. Pesticides, benzene, heavy metals, solvents, suspended particulate matter. Roberto Bertollini provided overall guidance and reviewed the draft. [EPA 2003][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], The capacity of a substance to cause adverse human health effects as a result of chronic exposure. Human exposure can occur at different stages of the life-cycle of a chemical, including through occupational exposure during manufacture, use and disposal, consumer exposure, exposure to contaminated products, or environmental exposure to toxic waste (Figure (Figure1).1). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Current evidence supports that suicide rates could be significantly reduced through limiting access to lethal means, among other methods [17,18]. Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. This review is also limited in its scope: Not all chemicals have been reviewed here, but only toxic exposures to chemicals which can be significantly reduced or eliminated through environmental and occupational management as described in the background section. Occupational agents associated with the development of COPD include for example mineral fumes, welding fumes, cadmium fumes and sulfur dioxide [22]. Henry SH, Bosch FX, Bowers JC. Fewtrell L, Smith S, Kay D, Bartram J. (MSH2003_2003_05_12) [NIH National Cancer Institute Thesaurus], Condition characterized by persistent coughing, increased secretion from the bronchial mucosa, obstruction of the respiratory passages, scanty or profuse expectoration, and necrosis and fibrosis of the respiratory tract. Chronic effects could include mortality, reduced growth, or reduced reproduction. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. [EPA 2003][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or levels of exposure between 5 and 90 days. Their chemical, physical and toxicological properties vary greatly - while many are not hazardous or persistent, some are life-threatening on contact and some persist in the environment, accumulate in the food chain, travel large distances from where they are released, and are harmful to human health in small amounts. [40 CFR 721.3 (CFR 2013)], Adverse effects occurring as a result of the repeated daily exposure of experimental animals to a chemical by dermal application for part (approximately 10 percent) of a life span. Examples include fluoride and mercury. Finally, research aiming to improve our understanding of the link between chemicals and negative health impacts is imperative in order to prioritize actions and assess their effectiveness. Most of the identified burden of disease estimates from chemicals follow CRA methods and provide data for the year 2004 [14], which was used as the reference year in this article. As this review is mostly built on previous estimates developed by WHO - given the limited availability of other estimates - the use of rigorous methods further contributes to restricting the estimates to only those supported by strong evidence and to ICD disease categories rather than including all health outcomes. Panel 1: Population attributable fraction, RR = relative risk; p = prevalence of exposure. Fewtrell LJ, Prss-Ustn A, Landrigan P, Ayuso-Mateos JL. This means that the choice of outcomes and exposure-risk relationships does not necessarily underlie specific selection criteria, and that different approaches are used in terms of counterfactual scenarios (i.e. Toxic effects from long-term exposure to chemicals; usually nonfatal to organisms. It can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL, or benchmark concentration, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. Another estimate has been performed at global level, but is not comparable [37]. The systematic literature review revealed burden of disease estimates for the following chemicals or groups of chemicals: (a) chemicals involved in unintentional acute poisonings, (b) chemicals involved in unintentional occupational poisonings, (c) pesticides involved in self-inflicted injuries, (d) asbestos, (e) occupational lung carcinogens, (f) occupational leukaemogens, (g) occupational particulates, (h) outdoor air pollutants, (i) indoor air pollutants from solid fuel combustion, (j) second-hand smoke, (k) lead, and (l) arsenic in drinking water. Manufactured chemicals include industrial and agricultural products such as pesticides, petroleum products, processed metals, and products of combustion such as toxic gases and particles from industrial emissions and burning of fuel. Generally used in EPA's noncancer health assessments. A large body of evidence supports the causation of various diseases (e.g. Used to describe recurring symptoms or disease. Viso AC, Casteleyn L, Biot P, Eilstein D. Human biomonitoring programmes and activities in the European Union. Spiewak R. Pesticides as a cause of occupational skin diseases in farmers. Additional assessments of global health impacts of selected chemicals have been made but results are not comparable to the other analyses compiled here, either because they were not expressed in DALYs and deaths, or because DALYs have not been estimated in a comparable format. Between 2000 [31] and 2004, the proportion of the global population with blood lead levels above 10 ug/dl decreased from 20% to 14%, and resulted in similar reductions in the disease burden, mainly due to important efforts in phasing out leaded gasoline in most countries. An aggregate public health indicator to represent the impact of multiple environmental exposures. The .gov means its official. BoD from second hand smoke has been evaluated separately. It can be derived from a NOAEL, LOAEL, or benchmark dose, with uncertainty factors generally applied to reflect limitations of the data used. Levin ML. Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Geneva, Switzerland, 2Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark. The estimated disease burden does not show the important beneficial effects of long-term regulation of chemicals in food, consumer and other chemical products, industrial emissions and workers' protection which have already prevented a significant fraction of the disease burden that would have occurred had these controls not been in place. New strategies and initiatives have been implemented which might change the picture of chemical exposure and risk assessment and could improve estimation of disease burden caused by chemicals (e.g. This is particularly true for diseases with long lag-times from exposures, complex exposure assessment, and often non-specific health outcomes. Jaakkola JJK, Jaakkola MS. Professional cleaning and asthma. [40 CFR 798.2650 (CFR 2013)], A toxicity study designed to measure effects from subchronic exposure to a chemical. The global burden of non-malignant respiratory disease due to occupational airborne exposures. Toxicity impact that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or longer. Some dusts of biological nature, such as cotton, grain and wood dusts, are also suspected to have a role in COPD causation [22]. [NPDES Permit Writers Glossary], A continuous or intermittent long-term contact between an agent and a target. without air pollution nor arsenic-contaminated drinking-water) amounts to a global burden of disease of at least 1.2 million deaths (25 million DALYs), corresponding to 2.0% of the total deaths and 1.7% of the total burden of disease worldwide. National Toxicology Programme. [Adapted from 40 CFR 798.2650 (CFR 2013)], Waste and Cleanup Risk Assessment Glossary, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Glossary, Urban Watershed Management Research Terminology, Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment, Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Glossary, Community-Based Air Pollution Projects Glossary, Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) Glossary of Terms, Superfund for Students and Teachers Glossary, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Glossary, Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Glossary, Sediment Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) Glossary, EPA EV-Biological Substances-Humans-Human Diseases, EPA EV-Research-Research Resources-Analytical Methods & Protocols, EPA EV-Chemical Substances-Chemical Properties, EPA EV-Biological Substances-Animals-Animal Diseases. cancers, birth defects) and other health effects (e.g. Further information on human exposure to chemicals is available from a variety of documents [1-4]. Malignant mesothelioma (NA); trachea, bronchus, lung cancer (0.3%); asbestosis (NA), Occupational lung carcinogens (arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, diesel exhaust, nickel, silica), Only 8 of the chemicals or chemical mixtures classified as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans taken into account, Occupational leukaemogens (benzene, ethylene oxide, ionizing radiation), Only 2 of the chemicals or chemical mixtures classified as carcinogenic or probably carcinogenic to humans taken into account, Occupational particulates - causing COPD (dusts, fumes/gas), Occupational particulates - other respiratory diseases than COPD (silica, asbestos and coal mine dust), Asbestosis (NA); silicosis (NA); pneumoconiosis (NA), Outdoor air pollutants (particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, others), Lung cancer (7.9%); acute respiratory infections (1.6%); selected cardiopulmonary diseases (3.4%). The capacity of a substance to cause long-term poisonous health effects in humans, animals, fish, and other organisms. A stimulus that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or more. Commission staff working paper "Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency and amending Directive 1999/45/EC and Regulation (EC) on Persistent Organic Pollutants "1 Extended impact assessment". Schwartz J. Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: a meta-analysis and search for a threshold. Unintentional ingestion, inhalation or contact with chemicals caused 346,000 deaths (7,447,000 DALYs) from acute poisonings in 2004. This approach may provide approximate estimates when global exposure information is limited, or when quantitative exposure-risk relationships are supported by weaker evidence. The chronic toxicity of a compound is established through scientifically verifiable data from animal studies or human exposure tests. Other exposures involve chemicals only as a side-product of energy generation or of tobacco consumption, such as the main contributions to outdoor and indoor air pollution. The possible result of exposure over many years to a drinking water contaminant at levels above its Maximum Contaminant Level. Of intermediate duration, usually used to describe studies or levels of exposure between 5 and 90 days. Aflatoxin, hepatitis and worldwide liver cancer risks. A quantitative analysis of prenatal methyl mercury exposure and cognitive development. Search terms used in Pubmed. For example, one childhood deaths of respiratory infection of an underweight child could be prevented both by removing the source of indoor air pollution, or by improved nutrition [8]. Effects often consist of reduced growth and reproduction, as well as other physiological impacts. Chemicals, whether of natural origin or produced by human activities, are part of our environment. [. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothernberg S, Needleman H, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Additional details of the methods are provided in greater detail in the original publications [8-10]. [EPA 2005b, RAIS 2004][Thesaurus of Terms Used in Microbial Risk Assessment], Exposure to a substance spanning no more than approximately 10 percent of the lifetime of an organism. Search Results. [EPA 2005b], Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than one year). Contact with a substance that occurs over a long time (more than 1 year) [compare with acute exposure] [The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)].
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